Which characteristic is most associated with water damage over time?

The characteristic most associated with water damage over time is wood decay and mold formation. When wood is exposed to moisture over a prolonged period, it creates an ideal environment for fungi and mold to thrive. As these organisms feed on the organic materials within the wood, they begin to break down the structure, leading to wood decay. This process not only compromises the integrity of wood but also leads to potential health risks due to mold spores becoming airborne.

Additionally, while moisture elevation is an indicator of current water damage, it does not capture the long-term effects that occur from prolonged exposure to water. Similarly, crack evolution may occur as wood decays but is more a symptom than the direct result of water damage. Pest infestation can be a consequence of water damage, as pests are often attracted to decaying wood, yet it primarily reflects an opportunistic response to an already compromised structure. Thus, wood decay and mold formation directly illustrate the long-term consequences of water damage, making it the correct choice.